Crying ( Evolutionary Perspectives ) Daniel
نویسندگان
چکیده
We define crying as a multimodal behavior consisting of tears, nonverbal vocalizations (wails, sobs), and facial expressions of distress. Being most frequent in infants, and arguably less subject to cultural display rules, we take infant crying as the prototypical form. Correspondingly, we take distress (sadness, fear, anger, or pain) as the core condition expressed through crying since, although adults sometimes cry in other circumstances (notably when happy), infants appear not to do so. Lastly, although tears are a uniquely human component of crying, distress vocalizations and corresponding displays occur in many mammals, again primarily present in infancy.
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